One day I happened to see a movie titled "Our National Language (나랏말싸미)".
The cinema showed how King Sejong had difficulties in creating Hangul, Korean alphabet.
It allegedly revealed some behind stories 'who' helped King Sejong 'how' with 'what' in creating unprecedented characters.
When the movie was released in July 2019, it was the epicenter of a lot of arguments and criticism.
First of all, it was criticized in that the plot was contrary to historical records. It is proved to be true that Hangul was created by King Sejong in 1443 who devoted tens of years in studying and inventing brand-new character with the assistance of his subjects like Jeong In-ji, Shin Suk-ju and Seong sam-mun.
Taking into consideration of the Buddhism-suppressing policy of the Joseon dynasty, which was indulged in Neo-Confucianism, the controversial contribution of the reverend Buddhist monk Shinmi (신미/信眉大師) was believed to be not the creation of Hangul but some limited advice.[1] It was about the difference between a phonogram (표음문자/表音文字) like Sanscrit and a ideogram (표의/表意문자) like Hanja.
Most of all, the monks staying in the royal palace and some high ranking court officials were not polite to King Sejong. At the height of the dynasty, the power and authority of the Joseon king was surely sublime and next to none. Anybody in breach of such royal court courtesy must be subject to severe punishment.
Notwithstanding the above-mentioned disputes, we, Koreans, are well aware of the history of Hangul that:
* King Sejong thought it pitiful for ordinary people to almost abandon reading and writing in their daily life;
* the establishment group of bureaucrats and learned gentlemen were adamantly opposed to the creation of national characters;
* the Korean alphabet, Hangul, is unique in its design and scientific nature even though it was treated negligently until the Japanese colonialists suppressed its use during the Japanese occupation.
Then, we are anxious to know how different the Korean language was from Chinese prevalently used in the intellectual community from the ancient times.
Take an example of Hyang-ga (향가/鄕歌), popular lyrics in Silla dynasty. This is the first phrase of "Ode to the Deceased Sister" (祭亡妹歌/누이의 명복을 비는 노래) written by Wolmyongsa based on Idu script (이두/吏讀 문자).
"生死路隱 此矣 有阿米", which means "Here is the way for the living things or the dead", shows that:
* 生死路隱/생사로은 = 죽고 사는 길은
* 此矣/차의 = 여기에, 예
* 有阿米/유아미 = 있음이, 있으매
In 1443, the Great King Sejong wrote his intention at the Preface of "Hunminjeongeum" as follows:[2]
Because the speech of this country is different from that of China,
it [the spoken language] does not match the [Chinese] letters.
Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the end cannot state their concerns.
Saddened by this, I have 28 letters newly made.
It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convenient for daily use.
So I hurried to visit the Exhibition called the "Creative Moment of Hangul 'ㄱ'". It is currently held in celebration of 100th anniversary of Chosun Ilbo Newspaper. But it will be closed at the end of February 2021.
According to the catalogue, the purpose of the exhibition[3] is to disclose the artistic implications of Hangul at the time of creation of the Korean alphbets.
Those characters reveals the transformation of Great Universe (the Nature) to Small Universe (Human body). In other words, 'ㄱ', 'ㄴ', 'ㅁ', 'ㅅ', 'ㅇ' each depicts the phonatory organs such as molar (어금니, 牙), tongue (혀, 舌), lips (입술, 脣), teeth (이, 齒), throat (목구멍, 喉). They also represent the five elements of the universe such as tree (나무, 木), fire (불, 火), earth (흙, 土), metal (쇠, 金), water (물, 水), respectively.
The exhibition halls were separated to three-floor spaces - two at the Calligraphy Art Museum and the last one at the Design Museum at B1 floor at the underground entrance of the Seoul Arts Center.
Walking through the displayed items -- some are drawings, calligraphy arts and pictures, others are video arts and sculptures, the visitors came to understand that Hangul was the product of Great King Sejong's affectionate care for common people,[2] and that it represents the spirit of the Korean people.
So, during the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, it meant a kind of patriotism to study Hangul, and read and write the works in Korean.[4]
Thanks to King Sejong,
we've got Treasure.
Whether it grows [or not] depends on us.
세종 임금 덕에
얻은 보물
길이길이 전하세
(둘 다 17음절의 하이쿠)
Note
1] 아무리 역사적 사실에 기초한 영화라 해도 각본을 쓴 작가가 영화의 주제와 관객의 반응을 고려해 예술적 라이선스(artistic license)를 구사해 픽션을 가미할 수 있는 법이다. 신미대사는 실존인물로서 근무지 이탈과 품위손상을 이유로 귀양가서 죽은 양반 관료의 아들이었으며 그의 동생도 집현전에서 일하는 학식이 많은 조정의 관리였다. 신미대사는 수양대군과 친했고 석보상절 등 불경을 한글로 편찬 간행하는 일에도 참여하여 조정으로부터, 나중에 신하들의 반대로 박탈되기는 했지만, '우국이세 혜각존자(祐國利世 慧覺尊者)'라는 법호를 받기도 했다. 영화에서는 그가 팔만대장경이 숭유억불의 조선에는 필요 없으니 일본에 달라고 강청하는 일본의 승려 외교사절을 물리치는 데 공을 세워 주목을 받는 것으로 나온다.
2] 훈민정음 해례본 서문의 현대어 번역은 다음과 같다.
"우리나라 말이 중국과 달라 한자와는 서로 말이 통하지 아니하여서 이런 까닭으로 어리석은 백성이 말하고자 하나 제 뜻을 펴지 못하는 사람이 많다. 내가 이것을 가엾게 여겨 새로 스물여덟 글자를 만드니 모든 사람들로 하여금 쉽게 익혀서 날마다 쓰는 것을 편하게 하고자 할 따름이니라."
3] 주최 측이 밝힌 'ㄱ의 순간' 전시기획의 취지는 다음과 같다.
"한글은 창제 이래 언어수단으로만 간주되어 왔다. 그것은 명백한 철학적 문양이지만, 예술로 이해된 적은 없었다. 한글의 조형성 역시 단순히 글꼴로서만 다뤄져 왔다.
그러나 1443년 훈민정음 창제 당시로 돌아가 보면, 현대 미술과 공명하는 예술적 함의가 분명히 드러난다. 천지자연의 소리ㆍ형태가 인간의 말ㆍ글로 변화하는, 대우주에서 소우주로의 전환이 담겨있기 때문이다. 자연과 인간이 언어로 하나 되는 몰아일체(沒我一體)의 순간, 그것이 바로 'ㄱ의 순간'이다."
4] 만해 한용운의 "님의 침묵"은 일견 연애시 같지만 "푸른 산빛을 깨치고 단풍나무 숲을 향하여 난 적은 길을 걸어서"를 읽는 순간 태극기의 태극과 4괘를 은유적으로 표현한 것임을 알게 된다. 즉 여기서 '님'은 일제에 빼앗긴 조국(祖國)을 말하는 것이다.
또 백제의 가요 "정읍사"에서는 멀리 돈 벌러 떠난 '님'이 무사히 집에 돌아올 수 있도록 달이 제발 높이 솟아서 밝게 비추기를 간절히 기원하고 있다.
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